Normally nickel comes into contact with the human through food (the major source), water, air, soil, sediment and some hazardous waste sites--as well as through smoking tobacco. Also some products used in our daily lives contain nickel, including stainless steels and nickel alloys used in jewellery, coins, kitchen wares, mobile phones and some medical artificial body parts. Usually, the nickel content of the above sources is low. You may be exposed to higher levels of nickel if you work in industries that process or use nickel. Exposure of unborn children to nickel occurs through the transfer of nickel from the mother's blood to fetal blood. Likewise, nursing infants are exposed to nickel through the transfer of nickel from the mother's breast milk.
Nickel can enter your body by breathing air, drinking water, eating food and wearing jewellery which contains nickel. It depends on the size of the nickel particles, whether the nickel element reaches your lungs and your blood. If the particles are large, they stay in your nose; if the particles are small, they enter deep into your lungs. Some of these nickel particles can leave the lungs with mucus that you spit out or swallow. More nickel will pass into your body through your stomach and intestines if you drink water containing nickel than if you eat food containing the same amount of nickel. A small amount of nickel can enter your bloodstream from skin contact. After nickel gets into your body, it can go to all organs, but it mainly goes to the kidneys. The nickel that gets into your bloodstream leaves in the urine. After nickel is eaten, most of it leaves quickly in the feces, and the small amount that gets into your blood leaves in the urine.
For the whole family, it is better to eat food and drink water with no nickel, and keep away from the nickel industries and plants and similar places .
Avoid wearing jewellery and some other items containing nickel.
Visit the doctor to check whether you, your children or other family members have been exposed to substantial amounts of nickel regularly.
Refrain from smoking.
Be careful when choosing the kitchen wares.
For more information, please visit http://www.samaterials.com/361-nickel-metal
In 1886, Charles Hall, an American (23 years. old), and Paul Heroult, a Frenchmen (23 years old), simultaneously and independently developed the process still in use today to make aluminum metal. The purified aluminum oxide is mixed with cryolite, a mixture of sodium fluoride and aluminum fluoride, and heated to about 980 degrees Celsius to melt the solids. The mixture melts at a much lower temperature than aluminum oxide would by itself.
The hot molten mixture is electrolyzed at a low voltage of 4-5 volts, but a high current of 50,000-150,000 amps. Aluminum ions are reduced to aluminum metal at the cathode (the sides and bottom of the electrolysis cell). At the anode, oxygen is produced from the oxide ions. The anode material is carbon in the form of graphite, which also is oxidized and must be replaced quite frequently.
The electricity used to produce aluminum is relatively high. One pound of aluminum requires 6-8 kilowatt-hours of electrical energy. This amount of aluminum can be used to make 23 pop cans or one 300 watt light bulb burning for one hour is required to make one pop can.
For more information, please visit http://www.samaterials.com/160-aluminium
Widespread use of electric vehicles can have significant impact on urban air quality, national energy independence, and international balance of trade.
An efficient battery is the key technological element to the development of practical electric vehicles. The science and technology of a nickel metal hydride battery, which stores hydrogen in the solid hydride phase and has high energy density, high power, long life, tolerance to abuse, a wide range of operating temperature, quick-charge capability, and totally sealed maintenance-free operation, is described.
A broad range of multi-element metal hydride materials that use structural and compositional disorder on several scales of length has been engineered for use as the negative electrode in this battery.
The battery operates at ambient temperature, is made of nontoxic materials, and is recyclable. Demonstration of the manufacturing technology has been achieved.
For more information, please visit http://www.samaterials.com/361-nickel-metal
High-density high-purity sputtering target:
The sputtering target (purity: 99.9% -99.999%)
1.metal target:
Nickel target, Ni, Ti target, Ti, Zn target, Zn, Cr target, Cr, Mg target, Mg, Nb target, Nb, Sn target, Sn, Al target, Al, indium target, In, Fe target, Fe, aluminum zirconium target, ZrAl, titanium aluminum target, TiAl, zirconium target, Zr, Al-Si target, AlSi, silicon target, Si, Cu target Cu, tantalum target T, a, a target germanium, Ge, silver target, Ag, cobalt target , Co, gold target, Au, Gd target, Gd, the target lanthanum, La, yttrium target, Y, Ce target, Ce, tungsten target, w, stainless steel target, the target nickel-chromium, NiCr, hafnium target, Hf, mammography, Mo, iron-nickel target, FeNi, tungsten target, W, etc..
2.ceramic target
ITO target, target magnesium oxide, iron oxide target, a target of silicon nitride, silicon carbide target, a target of titanium nitride, chromium oxide target, a target of zinc oxide, zinc sulfide target, target of silica, silicon oxide target, cerium oxide target dioxide, zirconium target, target of niobium pentoxide, titanium dioxide target, target of zirconium dioxide, hafnium oxide target, a target of titanium diboride, zirconium diboride target, target of tungsten trioxide, aluminum oxide target pentoxide tantalum, niobium pentoxide target, target of magnesium fluoride, yttrium fluoride target, zinc selenide target, a target of aluminum nitride, silicon nitride target, a target of boron nitride, titanium nitride target, a target of silicon carbide, niobium acid lithium target, target praseodymium titanate, barium titanate target, target lanthanum titanate, nickel oxide target, sputtering targets.
For more information, please visit http://www.samaterials.com/153-sputtering-targets